Dear students and researchers around the World's universities, please participate in this simple and nice Challenge. The idea is to answer the themes in the index like an exam or test;
contents that we will read, and analyse and then synthetize in a book for everyone who wants a first approach to this living fossil and a treasure language!
I pose this Challenge to universities in Nevada, Madrid, Paris, Navarra, Basque Country, Aquitaine, London, Latin-American universities.
You might send the produced contents, in English of course, to Fundacion_lea@yahoo.com.
Euskarize
yourself!
a
friendly and cheap way to learn the magic of one the oldest living language
worldwide!
by Fundación Luís Elguezabal Aristizabal
Indigenous Languages Project
, Sucre
Uharte, Navarra
Cover and back cover: (artists, friends)
First edition: 2024?
© Mikel Alberto de Elguezabal Méndez-Rodulfo, 2024
Fundación LEA, Calle Palmar, D-12, Riberas, 6101
Cumaná, Sucre, Venezuela.
Legal deposit:
ISBN:
978-84-617-0672-3
In a Virtuous Earth Collection
Index
Introduction
Aim of this book
Method
I
-History of the human languages
-Euskera (Euskara, Basque, vascuence) languages
-Related Pre Indo-European languages (extinct)
-Interexchange with Indo-European languages (extant)
-Pre Roman Euskera
-Romanic linguistics loans
-Pre Castilian Euskera
-Castilian & French linguistics loans
-Pre Sabinian Euskera
-Sabinian linguistics update and modernization
-XX century Euskera, loans, technologies, politics
II
-The numbers
-The alphabet
The Euskara has its own unique alphabet called the "Euskara Batua" or Unified Basque Alphabet. It is a standardized version of the Basque script created in the late 20th century to bring uniformity to the writing system. The alphabet consists of the following letters:
A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, P, R, S, T, U, X, Z
A a
B be
D de
DD de bikoitza
E e
F efe
G ge
H hatxe
I i
J iota
K ka
L ele
M eme
N ene
Ñ eñe
O o
P pe
R erre
S ese
T te
TT te bikoitza
U u
X ixa
Z zeta
Vowels:
The Basque language has five vowels: A, E, I, O, U. Each vowel can be pronounced in both short and long forms, and the length of vowels can affect the meaning of words.
Consonants:
The Basque alphabet includes the familiar Latin alphabet consonants with a few additions:
"Ñ" is a distinctive letter in the Basque alphabet, representing a palatal nasal sound, similar to the Spanish "ñ."
"X" represents a voiceless velar fricative sound, similar to the "h" in English "hat" but pronounced further back in the mouth.
Digraphs:
Some digraphs (two-letter combinations representing a single sound) are used in Basque:
"TX" represents a voiceless postalveolar fricative sound, similar to the "ch" in English "chat."
"TS" represents a voiceless dental fricative sound, similar to the "ts" in English "cats."
"TT" represents a geminated or double "t" sound. Gemination is the lengthening or doubling of a consonant sound. The geminated "tt" is pronounced longer than a single "t."
Ttiki (small), Ttanttaka (clattering sound), Ttanttan (repeated clattering sound), Ttanttaka (rattle)
Ttantto (tremor). In Basque mythology, "Ttarttalo" is a figure that is commonly associated with evil and giant beings. Ttarttalo is known for its role in various legends and folk tales of the region. He is often described as a malevolent being, a giant, or a being of great physical strength. In some stories, characteristics similar to those of ogres or demons are attributed to it.
"TZ" represents a single sound, similar to the English "ts" in "hats." It's a voiceless alveolar affricate: "gaztetza" is pronounced like "gaz-tet-za" (meaning 'youth'), and "etzi" is pronounced like "et-zi" (meaning 'leave it').
'DD' is used to represent a voiced dental fricative sound, similar to the "th" sound in English "this." However, Basque users use the letter "z" to represent this sound.
Please note that pronunciation can vary slightly between different Basque dialects, and the examples provided are based on a general understanding of Euskara Batua, the standardized form of the language
Orthographic Features:
The Basque writing system is largely phonetic, meaning that words are generally spelled the way they are pronounced.
The stress in Basque words usually falls on the last syllable, and this is reflected in the orthography.
Evolution and Standardization:
The Basque alphabet has undergone changes and standardization efforts over time. Euskara Batua was introduced to create a unified system that could be used consistently across all dialects of the Basque language.
It's important to note that Basque has a unique linguistic history and is unrelated to the Indo-European language family, making it a language isolate. The standardization of the alphabet has helped in promoting the use and teaching of the Basque language in various contexts
-The more used nouns
-The more used verbs
-The more used adjectives
-Geographical names
-The names and last names meanings
-The syntax's rules
-Suffixes
-Genders
-Simple writing and speaking to primary communications
-Talking about climate, hobbies, sports, dances,
music, art, food
-Demanding the hour, addresses, help
-Free techniques to self-submerge in Euskera
language-culture using Folkloric Music + Bertsolariak, Radio, TV, Books, living
with Baserritarrak, living Festivities. & The red wine method!
euskarize yourself blog
learning with:
radio & TV
music & lyrics
---------------------
irrintzi
The Irrintzi is a unique cultural phenomenon within Basque culture, deeply rooted in its oral tradition and folklore. It is a distinctive form of vocal expression characterized by a loud, high-pitched yell or cry, often used in various social and ceremonial contexts.
Here are some key aspects of the Irrintzi phenomenon:
Vocal Expression: The Irrintzi is a vocal expression that typically involves a sharp, piercing cry produced by rapidly inhaling and then exhaling forcefully, creating a high-pitched sound. It is often described as a primal or guttural scream.
Symbolism and Meaning: The Irrintzi carries symbolic significance within Basque culture. It is associated with expressions of joy, celebration, defiance, and solidarity. In traditional Basque society, the Irrintzi could be heard during festivals, gatherings, sporting events, and moments of communal solidarity.
Cultural Identity: The Irrintzi is deeply intertwined with Basque cultural identity and serves as a form of cultural expression and solidarity among Basque people. It reflects the resilience and strength of Basque traditions in the face of historical challenges and cultural assimilation pressures.
Historical Context: The origins of the Irrintzi are believed to be ancient, possibly predating written records. It has persisted through generations as a distinctive feature of Basque oral culture, passed down through storytelling, music, and community rituals.
Artistic Expression: In addition to its cultural and social significance, the Irrintzi has also found its way into various forms of artistic expression, including literature, music, and visual arts. It has inspired poets, writers, musicians, and artists to explore its meaning and symbolism in different contexts.
Contemporary Relevance: Despite the changes in Basque society and the impact of modernization, the Irrintzi continues to be valued and practiced as a symbol of Basque cultural identity and resilience. It remains an important element of Basque cultural heritage and is often celebrated and preserved in cultural events and festivals.
Overall, the Irrintzi phenomenon exemplifies the richness and uniqueness of Basque culture, serving as a powerful symbol of identity, tradition, and community spirit among the Basque people.
-----------------
ika
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bertsolari
"Bertsolaritza" is a traditional Basque form of improvised poetry or singing that has deep cultural roots and a rich history, at least as old as the Rapsodia in Greek culture.
Bertsolari (singular) or Bertsolariak (plural) are the poets or singers who engage in this practice. Here's an overview of bertsolaritza in terms of its culture, history, forms, and rules:
Cultural Significance:
Bertsolaritza is an essential part of Basque cultural identity and has been practiced for centuries. It is a form of oral poetry that reflects the history, values, and daily life of the Basque people.
Bertsolariak often performs at various events such as festivals, celebrations, competitions, and social gatherings, contributing to the communal spirit of Basque communities.
History:
The origins of bertsolaritza can be traced back several centuries. It evolved as a form of expression in the rural Basque Country, where gatherings and communal events provided a platform for poets to showcase their skills.
Over time, bertsolaritza has adapted to changing circumstances, from rural settings to urban environments, and it has continued to play a role in preserving and promoting the Basque language and culture.
Forms:
Bertsolariak improvises verses on various themes, and the art form encompasses different styles. There are two primary forms of bertsolaritza:
Zortziko: This form consists of eight-line stanzas, with each line containing eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is usually ABABCDCD.
Bertso txiki: This is a shorter form with four-line stanzas, each line having ten syllables. The rhyme scheme is typically AABB.
Rules:
Bertsolaritza follows certain rules, including strict rhyme and meter patterns. The ability to compose verses on the spot, while adhering to these rules, is a skill that bertsolariak hone through practice and experience.
The themes for the improvisation can vary, covering a wide range of topics from everyday life to cultural and historical subjects.
Competitions, known as "bertsolaritza txapelketa," are held to showcase the talents of bertsolariak. These events often attract large audiences and contribute to the preservation and development of the art form.
Recognition and Modern Context:
Bertsolaritza has gained recognition as an intangible cultural heritage, and efforts have been made to support and promote it. Organizations and events dedicated to bertsolaritza contribute to its continued vitality in contemporary Basque culture.
In recent years, there has been an increased interest in bertsolaritza as a form of cultural expression, and efforts have been made to introduce it to new generations through education and public events.
Bertsolaritza remains a dynamic and living tradition, adapting to the changing times while preserving the linguistic and cultural heritage of the Basque people
-------------
kirolak
ardo Beltza & festak metodoa
asking others
teaching others (Brun Method)
using Google translators
...........................
comparing with English: to do, to be, to have.
Basque is a unique language with no known relatives, and it is not an Indo-European language like English. Therefore, it has a different structure and grammar. However, we can provide you with some basic information on the verbs "to do," "to have," and "to be" in Basque language.
To Do - Egin:
Egiten dut - I do
Egiten duzu - You do (singular)
Egiten du - He/She does
Egiten dugu - We do
Egiten duzue - You do (plural)
Egiten dituzte - They do
To Have - Izan:
Niretzat daukat - I have
Zuretzat daukazu - You have (singular)
Beretzat dauka - He/She has
Guretzat daukagu - We have
Zuretzat daukazu - You have (plural)
Haientzat daukate - They have
To Be - Izan:
Ni naiz - I am
Zû naiz - You are (singular)
Hura da - He/She is
Gu gara - We are
Zuek zarete - You are (plural)
Haiekin dira - They are
Please note that Basque verbs conjugate for the subject, and the conjugation may vary based on tense and other factors. The examples provided are in the present tense, and the verb "Izan" is used for both "to have" and "to be" in Basque. The context and the structure of Basque can make verb conjugations more complex, and there may be variations based on regions and dialects
-------------------------------
cuadruple cognates: basque, english, spanish, french. (loans to euskera)
The Basque language (Euskara) and Spanish have interacted over the years, leading to some borrowed words between the two languages. Here is a list of some words that have been borrowed between Basque and Spanish:
From Spanish to Basque:
Txirrista - Juggler (from Spanish "chirrista").
Tximista - Chimney sweep (from Spanish "chimenea").
Abokatu - Lawyer (from Spanish "abogado").
Polizia - Police (from Spanish "policía").
Bizikleta - Bicycle (from Spanish "bicicleta").
Plazerra - Pleasure (from Spanish "placer").
Telebista - Television (from Spanish "televisión").
From French to Basque:
Gaztelu - Castle (from French "château").
Garaje - Garage.
Hôtel - Hotel.
Irudi - Image (from French "image").
Gazte - Young (from French "jeune").
Korrika - Run (from French "courir").
Kanpai - Cheers (from French "campagne" - campaign).
Kole - School (from French "école").
Ordinateur - Computer.
--------------------
Loans from euskera
From Basque to Spanish:
Chabola - A makeshift shelter or hut.
Zulo - A hiding place or hole.
Txapela - A Basque beret.
Chiquero - Pigsty (originally "txikia," meaning small in Basque).
Guiri - Slang for a foreigner or tourist.
Chiripa - Stroke of luck.
Chirimoya - A fruit (originally "txirimorroa" in Basque).
From Basque to French:
Axoa - A dish made with veal and peppers.
Izarra - A type of liqueur.
Irouléguy - A wine from the Basque region.
Bayonne - A city in the Basque Country.
Espelette - A type of chili pepper.
Jambon - Ham (specifically Bayonne ham).
Ossau-Iraty - A type of cheese from the Basque region.
Marquèze - A type of hat traditionally worn in the Basque Country.
Soubise - A sauce made with onions.
------------------------------
Phonetical coincidences in medieval languages : lo, il, ...
-----------------------
Two letters or one syllable words/concepts.
Glosary for Baztanese Eskuara.
Para aclarar esas pequeñas dudas...
Zure etxea ~ tu casa
Zure ~ tú
Zura ~ madera
Zure ~ madera en Baztán
Zurezkoa ~ de madera en Baztán
Zurazkoa ~ de madera
Zuri ~ a tí
Zuri ogirik ez dizut eman? ~ a tí no te he dado pan?
Zuri ~ blanco
Txuri ~ blanco
Xuri ~ blanco
Zara ~ eres ( conjugación del verbo izan/ser)
Zu zara ~ tú eres
Zara ~ multinacional textil
Zare ~ cesta
Zare zuri bat ~ una cesta blanca
Ziri ~ palo
Ziria sartu ~ tomar el pelo
Zirikatu ~ bromear, chinchar...
Meta ziri ~ palo de la meta
Zero ~ cero
Ziro ~ giro
Mozkor hori ziroka joan da ~ ése borracho se ha ido haciendo eses
Zoro ~ loco
Zoramena ~ locura
Zeru ~ cielo
Zoru ~ piso, suelo
Zoruan jarri naiz ~ me he sentado en el suelo
Zuru ~ un profesor de gimnasia que le alcanzó una rayo y sobrevivió..
Zeta pronunciada con la lengua en la mitad del paladar ..no tocando los incisivos.
Tipos de frescor mañanero baztandarras
Izotza, escarcha (sin llegar a estar helado totalmente)
Horma, hielo
Ihintza rocío
Lanbro, niebla, Heidiren xakurra.
Lankarra, niebla que moja
...
...
Y cada tipo de lluvia tiene su nombre
-------
Uste dut.... Yo creo...
Eguzkia aterako dela uste dut/creo que saldrá el sol
Badakit.... Yo ya sé
Badakizu... Tu ya sabes
Badaki... El o ella ya sabe
Badakigu... Nosotras/os ya sabemos
Badakizue ... Vosotros/as ya sabéis
Badakite.. Ellas/os ya saben
El "Ba" (ya) por delante es para enfatizar el verbo. En realidad el verbo es dakit, dakizu, daki...
